The Ultimate Guide to Choosing a Stainless Steel Fiber Laser Cutting Machine

Choosing the stainless-steel fiber laser cutter machine that is right for you can be a challenging task considering myriad of options available on the market. This guide aims to make your decision making process easier by providing a comprehensive insight into key factors you should consider. Whether you are an experienced professional or new to laser cutting, this article will explain how these machines work, their advantages and crucial considerations. By the end of this guide, you will have gained knowledge about what to look for in stainless steel fiber laser cutting machines which enables you to buy with confidence knowing that it has your interests at heart.

What is a Fiber Laser Cutting Machine?

This is an advanced machine that uses a highly focused light beam from a fiber laser to cut, engrave or mark on materials mainly stainless steel metals. Fiber lasers are more efficient and have higher beam intensity than CO2 lasers, which permit faster cutting speeds and more accuracy in general. This is possible because the fiber laser is guided via optical fibers thereby increasing its power and stability. These are versatile machines whose maintenance costs are low hence widely used in various industrial applications. Generally speaking, they have high precision cuts and do not affect surrounding material thermally due to their fine cuts.

Fiber Laser Technology Explained

The technology behind this type of machine centers on amplifying light through optical fibers so as to produce laser beams that are concentrated and stable. Here we present the main parts of this machinery that show how it works:

1. Light Source: The initial source of light for the fiber lasers comes from diodes, after which it is distributed over rare-earth elements such as ytterbium in specially made optical fibers.
2. Wavelength: The wavelength range for typical fiber laser cutting systems including stainless steel is approximately 1.06 µm; when used on metals, this wavelength enables precise burr-free cuts.
3. Beam Quality (M²): Most fiber lasers have near-perfect Gaussian beam profiles with M² values around 1, making them superior in terms of beam quality than other types of lasers. Consequently, the cuts tend to be better defined with cleaner edges.
4. Power Output: When you look at wattages ranging up into several kilowatts, there is a difference between those levels and lower powers available with other technologies like CO2 cutting tools — these ones can go up hundreds watts at most though high powered devices are capable of piercing thicker materials.
5. Efficiency: In terms of electrical efficiency alone, these solid state devices score about 25-30%. This means less energy consumption by the laser therefore reducing operation costs.
6. Cooling System: Fiber lasers have cooling systems integrated into their structures to ensure that the heat generated in the process does not adversely affect the performance of the laser. As a result, they do not overheat and thus maintain consistent operation.
7. Maintenance: In addition, fiber lasers are known for their low maintenance since they are solid state devices without any movable parts. These factors contribute to longevity, dependability, and ultimately lower costs.

A good understanding of these parameters will help you appreciate how advanced fiber laser technology improves light cutting processes.

Comparison with CO2 Laser Cutting Machines

The CO2 laser cutting machines have been part of the industry and have some unique features compared to those made from fiber:

1. Wavelength: The wavelength range for most CO2 laser is around 10.6 µm. It is well-suited for non-metallic materials such as wood or acrylic but its longer wavelength makes it less efficient than shorter fiber lasers when it comes to metal cuts.
2. Beam Quality (M²): On average, beam quality (M²) is higher in case of CO2 lasers compared to/over fiber lasers; this may lead to wider kerfs or less precise cuts on thicker materials than possible with other kinds of them.
3. Power Output: Industrial CO2 lasers can be powerful enough like comparable examples of fiber ones although usually requiring larger systems that are more complex. These power outputs range several kilowatts allowing thick material cuttings unlike slow speeds associated with CO2 that typically outpace them.
4. Efficiency: Electrical efficiency of CO2 lasers is usually lower, being typically about 10-15%. This higher energy consumption results in high operational costs and maintenance need frequency.
5. Cooling System: The complexity and high energy input make CO2 lasers have more demanding cooling systems. Normally water is employed as a coolant, but this increases both the operational costs and the maintenance difficulties.
6. Maintenance: Complex mirror configurations and gas tubes in CO2 lasers tend to raise their maintenance requirements. For example, laser tube, optics, as well as gas mixtures are regularly supposed to be serviced or replaced meaning more downtime.

By understanding these differences you will be able to choose appropriately between fiber laser cutting technologies and CO2 after considering the specific needs of your cutting tasks and operative considerations.

Advantages of Fiber Laser Cutting for Stainless Steel

Fiber laser cutting has several advantages over other types of steel cutting tools when it comes to stainless steel:

1. Superior Precision and Quality: Fine-tuned cuts are possible using a fiber laser due to excellent beam quality with M² values ranging from typically around 1.1-1.5 which makes them apt for intricate designs that require fine precision.
2. Higher Cutting Speeds: Fiber lasers enable faster cutting speeds through their efficient energy conversion and high power densities. For instantmce a 2kW fiber laser can cut 1mm stainless steel at approximately speeds of around 30 meters per minute.
3. Energy Efficiency: Electrically efficient fiber lasers have around 25% up-to35%, which is less compared to carbon dioxide ones hence leading to lower power bills for running them than operating CO2-based devices do.
4. Low Maintenance: With fewer moving parts, fiber lasers are simpler designed devices that do not require regular servicing or replacing mirrors, laser tubes or gas mixtures thereby limiting the amount of time spent on maintenance thus reducing any losses incurred during downtime periods.
5. Compact and Flexible Systems: In relation to size CO2 systems are typically larger than fiber ones. Additionally, modern production lines can easily be integrated with these systems further improving their flexibility since they occupy less space.
6. Compatibility with Automation: Fiber lasers have become the most ideal in automated cutting activities since they offer great control precision as well as consistent performance that supports high-rate large-scale manufacturing process.

These attributes make fiber laser cutting highly efficient and cost-effective for stainless steel applications, ensuring good-quality end results and sustainable operations.

How Does a Laser Cutting Machine Work?

Laser cutting machine works by focusing a beam of high powered laser on the surface of material, which then melts or vaporizes to give a clean cut. This process starts with the generation of laser beam in the resonator using CO2, fiber or diode lasers. It is then directed through mirrors or fiber optics into the cutting head where it is concentrated by a focusing lens to make a very small point.

In this case, when focused on the workpiece the laser beam heats up and raises its temperature beyond melting point while blowing away molten material and debris from its path through an assist gas like oxygen, nitrogen or air. Hence, CNC (Computer Numerical Control) systems are responsible for controlling the operations of these laser cutting machines. They are programmed to follow complex designs and patterns hence allowing intricate and exact cuts on materials such as plastics, metals, ceramics and wood.

By regulating both power of laser and speed at which cutting head moves towards target; accuracy chances are enhanced even more. They have high precision characteristics which enables them to handle complicated geometrics coupled with automatic abilities making them indispensable in modern industries.

The Heart of Operation: Laser Source

At the core of any system is always its power supply source and when it comes to providing intense beams required for cutting they usually come from three types of lasers used in these machines; CO2, fiber and diode ones respectively.

CO2 Lasers:

• Wavelength: 10.6 µm
• Power Output: Ranging between 20W – 15kW typically
• Efficiency: About 10-20%
• Applications: Non-metal materials such as plastics, wood, glass in addition to metals with assist gases.

Fiber Lasers:

• Wavelength: 1.06 µm
• Power Output: Typically ranges from 50W to 30kW
• Efficiency: Approximately 25-35%
• Applications: High energy densities resulting in faster speeds and are therefore appropriate for cutting metals, especially stainless steel and aluminum.

Diode Lasers:

• Wavelength: 0.8-0.98 µm
• Power Output: Ranges from as low as 10W to 6kW typically
• Efficiency: Approximately 40-50%
• Applications: They are mainly used for less powerful applications e.g. engraving and marking.

These lasers have different wavelengths and power outputs that determine their suitability to various materials and required cutting tasks. The wavelength of laser influences its absorption within a particular material while the power output will determine the rate at which it cuts through or thickness of material that can be cut into.

Thus, the selected laser source is amplified if need be before being guided through an optical path, which might comprise fiber optics or mirrors until it reaches the cutting head. It then goes through a lens where the beam is focused into a minute spot thereby achieving energy density necessary for melting or vaporizing materials. This laser source is important in clean and precise cuts due to accurate control over these parameters hence making it vital in effectiveness as well as efficiency of any laser cutter machine.

The Cutting Head’s Role in Precision Cutting

The cutting head must be equally sharp so as to make high precision cuts in a laser cutter machine. Its major constituents include assist gas system, focusing lens and nozzle among others. Consequently, the cutting head is responsible for focusing an intense beam of laser on a specific point on a workpiece resulting in melting, burning or vaporizing processes that eventually take place thus creating final products.

Nozzle:

• Material: Usually made from brass or copper with good heat conductivity.
• Types: Single nozzle design double nozzle designs are available.
• Function: Regulates the assist gas and controls shape of laser beam for optimum cutting performance.

Focusing Lens:

• Material: Normally a Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) which is transparent to infra-red light.
• Focal Length: Depends on application, ranges from 1.5 to 7.5 inches.
• Function: Sizes down the laser beam into a small point size thus improving energy density and accuracy in cutting through materials.

Assist Gas System:

• Gases Used: These are nitrogen, oxygen, compressed air among others.
• Pressure: This varies depending on the material; typically, it ranges from 0.1 to 5 bar .
• Function: Removes melted material from the cut zone and prevents oxidation thereby cleaner cuts are obtained.

Precise control over these elements by the cutting head ensures that laser beam remains focused and properly aligned throughout the process of cutting. This precision is essential in delivering high-quality cuts with very close tolerances and minimum kerf widths. Use of assist gases also improves production efficiency and quality by removing molten material and reducing heat-affected zones respectively. Accurate manipulation of these parameters makes the cutting head an integral element in meeting specific needs during laser-cutting applications.

Optimizing Cutting Speed for Different Materials

To achieve fine-quality laser cuttings, optimizing cutting speed for different materials is important. The cutting speed directly affects cut quality such as edge smoothness .and amount of dross For instance, steel requires higher power settings plus appropriate assist gases like oxygen can lead to increased cutting speeds while at the same time maintaining quality standards Aluminum being highly reflective will need lower speeds or possibly higher power levels so as not to reflect back any energy from the laser For non-metals such as acrylic or wood, cutting speeds should be adjusted accordingly to their thickness whereby slower speeds generally give cleaner cuts reducing chances of charred edges happening

By setting correct parameters will enhance not only life span but also improve on cutting processes. Adjustments of cutting speed depending on specific material characteristics and thickness will ensure balanced performance, reduce rework and enhance productivity.

What are the Key Features of a High-Quality Stainless Steel Laser Cutting Machine?

When considering the main characteristics of a high-quality laser cutting machine made of stainless steel, there are some key aspects that stand out across top industry websites.

First and foremost, precision and accuracy are crucial. High-quality machines often come with advanced control systems as well as state-of-the-art laser sources thus ensuring exact cuts even on detailed patterns. Look for beneficial properties like automatic focusing which focuses the beam without any manual intervention optimally.

Secondly, power and speed are necessary for efficient running. Machines with higher power lasers have more wattage; usually from 1,000W to 10,000W can cut heavier pieces in stainless steel faster. This not only improves productivity but also allows for versatility in cutting various thicknesses.

Thirdly, evaluate the build quality and durability. A sturdy frame minimizes vibrations and increases stability leading to a consistent quality of cut. The type of materials used during construction and whether linear guides or drive systems were incorporated affects directly its longevity and efficiency during operation.

Key Technical Parameters:

• Laser Power: 1,000W – 10,000W
• Cutting Speed: Material dependent; typically ranges between 0.5 m/min and 30 m/min
• Positioning Accuracy: ±0.03 mm
• Assist Gas Pressure: up to 14 bar optimized cutting efficiency
• Repeatability: ±0.02 mm

Machines that combine these features alongside these parameters offer cuts all-rounder performances as well as reliability when it comes to stainless steel laser cutting. Such investment made towards purchasing a good machine leads to increased productivity levels, high precision in work done while increasing its lifespan hence making it an essential component in modern fabricating workshops.

Critical Laser Specifications for Performance There are several critical specifications needed for optimal laser cutting performance.

• Laser Source and Wavelength: The choice of laser source together with its wavelength is very important here. For most high-performance machines today, fiber lasers operating at 1.06 micrometres (µm) wavelength are used. These types of lasers have high efficiency and can cut different materials exactly.
• Beam Quality (BPP – Beam Parameter Product): Lower BPP indicates finer beam and higher precision Ideal BPP values for precision cutting are typically below 1.5 mm·mrad.
• Power Density and Focus Spot Size: The quality of the cut is directly influenced by the power density measured in W/cm² as well as the focus spot size. Smaller focus spot sizes ensure cleaner cuts especially when it comes to delicate designs.
• Cutting Speed and Thickness Capacity: In relation to its power, the machine must maintain high cutting speeds while efficiently dealing with various material thicknesses. For example, a 4,000W laser will cut through a 10mm stainless steel at about 1.2 m/min.
• Cooling System: Effective cooling mechanisms such as water-cooled systems are essential to maintain stable operations particularly during extended use.
• Assist Gas System: The pressure and type of assist gas (typically nitrogen or oxygen) significantly affect the quality and speed of cutting. Higher pressures for assist gas which may go up to 14 bar are often required for best performance.

By building these specifications into your laser cutting machinery, you ensure that it performs better than others in terms of accuracy, precision and efficiency; thus bridging the gap between leading-edge technology and practical application at fabrication facilities today.

Importance of Bed Size in Industrial Applications

Efficiency and flexibility for different industries largely depends on bed size in a laser cutting system. Here are some relevant considerations from top sources:

Material Handling Efficiency:

Larger sheets can be processed using larger beds thus reducing the need for manual repositioning or handling thereby saving time thereby inducing productivity gain too.

1000mm x 3000mm being a standard bed size in industries is able to accommodate quite a range of sizes.

Versatility and Flexibility:

An extensive space on the bed allows for cutting different shapes and sizes that are variously needed by manufacturing institutions, without which production of diverse components may be impossible.

Adjustable bed sizes on the machines enables operators to handle small scale as well as large scale projects making them versatile in different production demands.

Precision and Accuracy:

A larger bed size ensures better positioning and alignment of materials giving rise to superior cut precision. This is particularly important for intricate yet complex designs where accuracy is everything.

This can be achieved through attributes such as automatic systems that level beds, which ensure there is consistent focusing on the whole workpiece.

Batch Processing and Throughput:

With a bigger bed, multiple smaller parts can be cut simultaneously from a single sheet, significantly increasing throughput and efficiency.

High-capacity beds like those measuring 2000mm x 4000mm are found in high volume production setups to optimize workflow while reducing down time.

Cost Implications:

Although this increases initial costs of machinery, it leads to long term savings because it enhances operational efficiency while minimizing material waste.

Cutting big sheets means less moving and handling hence reduced labor costs and fewer errors with increased risk minimization.

In conclusion, selecting the appropriate bed size is crucial to maximizing the performance and productivity of laser cutting machinery. By prioritizing bed size, industries can optimize their operations, cater to diverse production needs, and ensure precise, high-quality cuts across various materials.

Factors Affecting Overall Cutting Performance

Various factors determine how successful or unsuccessful laser cutting technology will perform when used on materials like metals or plastics among others:

1.Laser Power:

Higher laser power enables thicker materials’ cutting along with faster processing but demand proper calibration so as not destroy them using lasers or other means possible.

2.Cutting Speed:

The speed at which the laser moves across the material affects the cut quality. Faster speeds may result in rough edges while slower speeds can create cleaner cuts yet at the expense of increased production time.

3.Material Type and Thickness:

Different materials (e.g., metals, plastics, wood) respond differently to laser cutting. Moreover, thickness of a material likewise influences the cutting performance whereby thicker materials require more power and slower speeds.

4.Lens Quality and Focus:

The quality of focus lens together with its alignment is very important as far as achieving accurate cuts is concerned. A properly focused laser beam delivers uniformity throughout the material.

5.Assist Gas:

The choice and pressure of assist gas (such as oxygen or nitrogen) used during cutting significantly impacts on the quality and speed of cuts. Activation gases are helpful in removing debris from a laser-cutting zone while cooling it down.

6.Machine Stability and Maintenance:

Regularly maintaining your machine will optimize its efficiency, make it last longer, hence making software updates, cleaning lenses or aligning them every now and then allows for an optimal performance.

By understanding and optimizing these factors, manufacturers can enhance the overall cutting performance of their laser cutting machinery, leading to better efficiency and higher-quality outputs.

How to Maintain a Fiber Laser Cutter?

It is vital that a fiber laser cutter be maintained to ensure it serves for a long time and run at its best. Some of the best practices I found from top sources include:

Regular Cleaning:

Keep the machine clean especially the lens and mirrors to eliminate dust and dirt which might affect the performance of lasers by using appropriate cleaning tools and solutions as specified.

Lens and Mirror Maintenance:

Conduct regular check-up for focusing lens and mirrors, cleaning them in-between. Make sure that their surfaces are not scratched or damaged otherwise they will produce imperfect cuts. When these conditions are met, they have to be replaced.

Check and Replace Filters:

Periodically inspect air filters and oil filters within the cooling system of your unit; change them when necessary so as to maintain proper airflow, cooling efficiency, temperature regulation of the machine, hence avoiding overheating.

Lubrication:

The machine is supposed to be lubricated according to manufacturer’s schedule. This ensures low level of friction between mechanical components thus minimizing wear out rate.

Software Updates:

Make certain that you constantly update software used in the machinery as well as firmware. The newest versions shall provide an opportunity for utilizing improved features as well updated bug fixes intended for better security measures.

Monitor Cutting Head:

You must frequently examine cutting heads in order to assess if there is any sign of wearing or misalignment in addition to ensuring nozzles among other parts remain intact.

Assist Gas System:

Inspect assist gas system if there are any leaks or blockage before checking whether pressure and flow rates are accurate with respect to material being processed.

Calibration and Alignment:

Occasionally calibrate your laser cutting machine so that it remains at peak accuracy including beam alignment checks with subsequent adjustments applied whenever needed for exact cuts delivery.

Through this way, one can enhance his/her fiber laser cutter’s performance by adding on its life span besides its precision improvement.

Regime Maintenance

Below are routine maintenance checks which involve inspecting and replacing some key elements of your fiber laser cutter for optimum performance:

• Inspect Optics and Replace if Needed: Assess the lenses and mirrors of the machine to determine if they are scratched or spoilt because this will affect the cut.
• Check and Replace Filters: Air and oil filters in the cooling system should be checked at regular intervals, replacing them allows for smooth flow of air preventing overheating.
• Lubrication: Apply lubricants on moving parts as required by the manufacturer to reduce corrosion.
• Software Updates: Keep updating software and firmware to benefit from improvements made on other versions.
• Monitor Cutting Head: Make sure that there is no wear or misalignment on cutting heads; check whether nozzles among others are in condition.
• Assist Gas System: Ensure that gas pressure is according to material thickness being processed by checking any leaks or blockage plus maintaining appropriate gas pressure levels.
• Calibration and Alignment: Have routine calibration to maintain high precision levels. Checking beam alignment may also be necessary for accuracy in cutting various materials.

Solution:

• Cooling: Make sure that the cooling system is working well, and that filters for air and oil are cleaned and replaced when necessary.
• Technical Parameters: Keep the coolant temperature in a recommended range of 21°C-25°C (70°F-77°F) to avoid overheating.

Nozzle Clogging:

• Cause: Debris buildup or wrong assist gas flow mostly results in clogs.

Solution:

• Cleaning: In order to prevent blockages, clean the nozzle regularly.
• Assist Gas: Check if assist gas pressure and flow rate is set properly;
• Oxygen: 0.5 MPa (72.5 PSI)
• Nitrogen: 1.0 MPa (145 PSI)

Laser Not Emitting:

• Cause: Blown power supplies, software bugs, damaged parts are potential causes.

Solution:

• Power Supply: Check power connections and ensure stable power supply.
• Software/Firmware Update : Reboot the machine if necessary and install updated programmes/systems
• Component Inspection: Inspect any faulty component such as fiber cable or laser source that might be present for replacement purposes only

By taking these problems into account with their solutions and technical parameters you will be able to ensure your fiber laser cutter is working efficiently and effectively.

Increasing the Longevity of Your Laser Cutting Machine

In order to keep your laser cutting machine operational for a longer time frame it is important that regular maintenance practices are adhered to while observing appropriate operational procedures. Below are some major points of focus obtained from reputable sources;

Routine Maintenance Checks

• Cleaning & Lubrication: Clean machine components on a regular basis so as to remove dust particles along with other debris; lubricate moving parts as per manufacturer’s specifications in order to reduce tear and wear process;
• Filter Replacement: It is vital to monitor air filters or oil filters as they may require cleaning more often which can lead to proper airflow, coolant distribution thus important in avoiding overheating,

Technical Parameters

• Assist Gas Control: Adjust the pressure and flow rate of assist gas to match the recommended values.
• Oxygen: 0.5 MPa (72.5 PSI)
• Nitrogen: 1.0 MPa (145 PSI)
• Coolant Temperature: Keep the coolant temperature between 21°C-25°C (70°F-77°F) for optimal performance.

Component Inspections

• Laser Source and Fiber Cable: Look out for damage or wear of this kind during regular checks. Replace parts that need to be replaced in order to prevent failure.
• Power Supply: Stable power connections are required so that there is no interruption in operation.

Software Updates

Firmware and Software : It is important to have the latest software and firmware versions installed on your machine because they help in rectifying any bugs that may interfere with proper functioning.

To achieve this, follow these instructions as well as respect mentioned technical parameters thus resulting into better maintenance, efficiency and dependability of your laser cutting machine for an extended period of time. The good thing about regular maintenance is that it prevents costly downtimes due to inconsistency in high quality output when cutting materials consistently by lasers.

What are the Applications of Fiber Laser Metal Cutting Machines?

Because fiber laser machines are very precise, efficient and versatile, they can be used in a wide range of applications across diverse industries. Here are some examples according to the main sources:

Automotive Industry

• Precision Cutting: Airbags, door panels and exhaust components among other intricate parts are commonly cut using fiber laser machines.
• Technical Parameter: Fast cutting ensures that there is minimal thermal effect on delicate components thus preserving their integrity.

Aerospace Industry

• High-Precision Components: For manufacturing high precision-components like turbine blades and structural parts these machines are indispensable.
• Technical Parameter: The maintenance of assist gas parameters such as Oxygen at 0.5 MPa and Nitrogen at 1.0 MPa is critical to achieve the desired accuracy and edge quality.

Electronics Industry

• Microfabrication: This involves micro-cutting using fiber lasers for producing electronic circuits, enclosures as well as different types of connectors.
• Technical Parameter: In order to avoid overheating which would otherwise result in loss of efficiency and accuracy of the equipment, coolant temperature must be kept constant between 21°C-25°C.

Leveraging such metal cutting machines enables industries to improve production efficiency, produce high-quality outputs while lowering operation expenses.

Cutting Stainless Steel for Industrial Use

The application of fiber laser technology makes it possible to cut stainless steel for industrial uses with high precision as well as adaptability. Fiber laser systems can provide clean cuts with little or no thermal distortion making them ideal for stainless steel applications where maintaining material integrity is paramount. Essential process parameters include assist gas pressure (usually Nitrogen at 1.0MPa) and uniform coolant temperature (21°C-25°C) that contribute greatly to obtaining favorable cuts. These instruments facilitate easy creation of complex designs as well as meeting close tolerances required in many industrial applications thereby leading to efficient production that comes at low costliness.

Versatility with Sheet Metal and Other Materials

When it comes to sheet metal processing and many other materials, fiber laser cutting machines are highly versatile. Apart from stainless steel, the machines can cut other metals such as aluminum, brass, copper and even titanium with precision. Fiber lasers are popular for their ability to work on different thicknesses as well as types of material in a very efficient way and with high accuracy. Modern software integration allows for instant changes and customization thus improving productivity. Besides, non-metallic materials like plastics and ceramics can also be efficiently cut using them leading to their use in the automotive sector among others. As a result, businesses can enhance operational capabilities as far as production is concerned without compromising on quality or speed.

Specialty Uses: Cutting Carbon Steel

Fiber laser technology provides numerous benefits when it comes to specialty cutting of carbon steel hence there are many reputable sources backing this claim up. High powered fiber lasers like those mentioned by TRUMPF can achieve exceptional cutting speeds while ensuring high accuracy even with thick carbon steels; this is especially essential in industries that require fine cuts such as construction and manufacturing heavy machinery.

Similarly, Bystronic highlights the efficiency of fiber lasers in terms of cost when cutting carbon steel. The low maintenance requirements and reduced operating costs associated with fiber laser systems compared to CO2 lasers are some of the reasons why they are increasingly being used for cutting purposes.

Lastly, Mazak Optonics argues that fiber lasers ensure consistent delivery across various thicknesses of carbon steel resulting in reliable results with minimal edge deformation. This aspect is relevant when producing parts that have intricate designs alongside tight tolerances thus increasing overall productivity and enhancing product quality at large ends.

Reference sources

Laser

Fiber laser

Optical fiber